Department of International Business, Marketing, Strategy and Law

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14078/23

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African development and global peace: socially responsible investing – the missing link
(2014) Siddiqui, Asif
Topics to be covered: 1) Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) for 2015 in Retrospect, 2) Socially Responsibility Investing (SRI) in Africa, 3) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Africa, 4) The Road to Peace.
Age-related bias and artificial intelligence: a scoping review
(2023) Chu, Charlene H.; Donato-Woodger, Simon; Khan, Shehroz; Nyrup, Rune; Leslie, Kathleen; Lyn, Alexandra; Shi, Tianyu; Bianchi, Andria; Rahimi, Samira Abbasgholizadeh; Grenier, Amanda
There are widespread concerns about bias and discriminatory output related to artificial intelligence (AI), which may propagate social biases and disparities. Digital ageism refers to ageism reflected design, development, and implementation of AI systems and technologies and its resultant data. Currently, the prevalence of digital ageism and the sources of AI bias are unknown. A scoping review informed by the Arksey and O’Malley methodology was undertaken to explore age-related bias in AI systems, identify how AI systems encode, produce, or reinforce age-related bias, what is known about digital ageism, and the social, ethical and legal implications of age-related bias. A comprehensive search strategy that included five electronic bases and grey literature sources including legal sources was conducted. A framework of machine learning biases spanning from data to user by Mehrabi et al. is used to present the findings (Mehrabi et al. 2021). The academic search resulted in 7595 articles that were screened according to the inclusion criteria, of which 307 were included for full-text screening, and 49 were included in this review. The grey literature search resulted in 2639 documents screened, of which 235 were included for full text screening, and 25 were found to be relevant to the research questions pertaining to age and AI. As a result, a total of 74 documents were included in this review. The results show that the most common AI applications that intersected with age were age recognition and facial recognition systems. The most frequent machine learning algorithms used were convolutional neural networks and support vector machines. Bias was most frequently introduced in the early ‘data to algorithm’ phase in machine learning and the ‘algorithm to user’ phase specifically with representation bias (n = 33) and evaluation bias (n = 29), respectively (Mehrabi et al. 2021). The review concludes with a discussion of the ethical implications for the field of AI and recommendations for future research.
Ageism and artificial intelligence: protocol for a scoping review
(2022) Chu, Charlene H.; Leslie, Kathleen; Shi, Jiamin; Nyrup, Rune; Bianchi, Andria; Khan, Shehroz; Rahimi, Samira Abbasgholizadeh; Lyn, Alexandra; Grenier, Amanda
Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a major driver of technological development in the 21st century, yet little attention has been paid to algorithmic biases toward older adults. This paper documents the search strategy and process for a scoping review exploring how age-related bias is encoded or amplified in AI systems as well as the corresponding legal and ethical implications.
The Alberta climate dialogue as integrative education: deliberative democracy meets climate change
(2013) Siddiqui, Asif
Topics: Alberta Climate Dialogue (ABCD), ABCD as Integrative Education, First Social Network–Students, Second Social Network–Edmonton Citizens Panel, Third Social Network–Greater Business Involvement (Future Work).
Altering the subaltern: racial formation leading up to post-orientalism
(2012) Siddiqui, Asif
Agenda: 1. Racial Formation Theory – Michael Omi and Howard Winant; 2. Orientalism – Edward Said; 3. The Question of Palestine – Edward Said; 4. Covering Islam – Edward Said; 5. The Clash of Civilizations – Samuel Huntington; 6. The End of History – Francis Fukuyama; 7. Post-Orientalism – Hamid Dabashi;
As Canadian as apple pie: a critique of the OSC's adoption of whistleblowing bounties under Policy 15-601
(2019) Wilson, L. Daniel
Effective whistleblower protection is a matter of increasing concern in the capita! markets, with most industrialized countries having adopted some form of whistleblower protection legislation in the past decade. Internationally, capital markets regulators have debated whether payment of financial incentives to whistleblowers improves overall outcomes. In July 2016, the Ontario Securities Commission (the "OSC") adopted a comprehensive whistleblower program that involved payment of whistleblower "bounties" following the SEC model in the United States. Two other Canadian securities commissions (Quebec and Alberta) have subsequently rejected the OSC model in the design of their own whistleblower protection programs. This article reviews the history and landscape of whistleblower protection in Canada with a focus on the recent OSC initiative that resulted in Policy 15-601. Academic arguments for and against payment of whistleblower bounties are discussed, along with consideration of the trajectory of capital markets regulators outside of Canada and the United States. The article concludes that there is no sufficiently compelling rationale for adoption of whistleblower bounties in the Canadian public markets context. The OSC has adopted the American mode! without proper regard for an evolving consensus in international whistleblower best practices and local Canadian context. Moreover, the OSC's adoption of a whistleblower bounty model leads to a number of other problematic program elements that could have been avoided. A national whistleblower policy implemented by provincial securities regulators without a financial compensation component would be preferable for the Canadian capital markets.
Belt‐and‐Road Initiative: driving the need to understand intellectual capital in Chinese multinational enterprises
(2020) Wei, William Xiaojun; Swallow, Phillip; Kong, Eric; Thomson, Stanley Bruce
China's Belt‐and‐Road Initiative (BRI) is one of the most ambitious trade and development projects in history which intends to link Chinese multinational enterprises (CMNEs) to the Asian subcontinent, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe through two trade routes, land and sea. The project involves infrastructure development, human knowledge, and international relations to develop trade relationships. Increased competition along the two routes will see other governments taking initiatives to protect the business community in their nations; thus, adding barriers that must be overcome by CMNEs. The success of CMNEs in the BRI relies on the three components—structural, human, and relational—which are the three components of intellectual capital (IC). Through the use of IC CMNEs can assess their strengths and weaknesses. It will be the understanding of these strengths and weaknesses which will drive the success or failure of CMNEs.
Building Alberta's financial sector
(2021) Mintz, Jack; Wilson, L. Daniel; Tingle, Bryce
A discussion of the policy initiatives that might be pursued by the Government of Alberta to facilitate the growth of Alberta's Financial Sector.
Bull in the china shop: a free speech doctrine for the People’s Republic
(2015) Siddiqui, Asif
This essay takes the view that many (if not almost all) laws are made with two thoughts in mind: 1) outline the way that individuals relate to each other; and, 2) suggest a vision for society in the future. Arguably, laws replace the central role of religion in many places. The first part of this essay will outline potential sources that could help in the development of Freedom of Speech law for China. The second will outline a proposed Freedom of Speech doctrine for China. Finally, some of the problems that exist with the proposal will be teased out in the third section since no law is perfect. Given the present situation in China, this doctrine might very well resemble loosening a bull in a china shop. Ultimately, the outcome could be good for both China and humanity.
Canada-Asia energy technology and services forum : findings report
(2014) Roberts, Michael J. D.; Kincaide, Heather; Muralidharan, Etayankara; Sadler, Margaret
In order to address some of the challenges that Canadian small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the energy technology and services sector face in accessing opportunities in Asia, MacEwan University School of Business, in association with the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada (APF Canada), hosted the Canada–Asia Energy Technology and Services Forum on April 29, 2014. Held at the City Centre Campus of MacEwan University, Edmonton, the forum brought together Canada and Asia-based energy leaders from industry, government, and academia for a discussion on how small and medium sized Canadian companies can develop Asian markets for their energy technology and services, and manage the risks associated with entering and operating in Asian markets. The forum focused on India and China as markets for energy technology and services, but also included broader discussion of opportunities in other Asian markets.
Cash assist or shark loan? In quest of doing well while doing good
(2022) Taleb, Ali; Ghosh, Subhadip
Jim Kamal, 24 years, was a socially-conscious entrepreneur at hart. He just completed his undergrad studies in Accounting and was exploring the opportunity of starting a Payday Loan business. While doing market research, he came across various information that made his decision difficult. On the one hand, the opportunity appeared to have great potential for superior return on investment. On the other hand, the industry clearly suffered from a bad image due to what the press and government representatives qualified as unethical commercial practices. This was in contradiction with Kamal's personal values and professional objective - doing good while doing well.
Chapter 6: An emotional intelligence perspective on Gross Psychological Aptitude and its relation to entrepreneurship behavior: insights from high school students
(2022) Pathak, Saurav; Muralidharan, Etayankara; Jha, Krishna
In this book chapter we propose the idea of transcribing the Gross Psychological Aptitude (GPA) of high school students as a measure and assessment of their emotional intelligence (EI), which is one's competency/ability to identify, evaluate, control and express emotions. Cultivating and monitoring EI early would set high schoolers for success in schools, universities and eventually in their careers, including as entrepreneurs. Additionally, based on their assessment of emotional competencies, one can predict and match their ideal areas-of-study where they are most likely to succeed (such as majors, colleges, departments, etc.). One such matched area could be entrepreneurship. Using a questionnaire based on Petrides and Furham's Trait EQ/EI dimensions, our survey of 121 high schoolers from across ten states in the US provides insights into the links between several facets of their EI (such as self-control, motivations, social skills, empathy, etc.) and new venture creation behaviors, suggesting that emotional competencies are associated with entrepreneurship.
Chinese transnational investment in Australia: a case study of insider/outsider relations
(2013) Forbes-Mewett, Helen; Nyland, Chris; Thomson, Stanley Bruce
Against the backdrop of a nation where more than a third of the population is concerned about cultural differences threatening societal harmony, we explore community responses to a proposed development by a Chinese transnational company. An alumina refinery was to be built in Utopia, a small coastal town in North Queensland, Australia. Framed within the dimensions of Elias and Scotson’s notion of established and outsider relations, we reveal the complexities of a community that consisted largely of a group of long-term residents (the Established) and a newer group who have lived in the town for periods up to three years (the Entrepreneurs). Together they faced the prospect of another group moving into the community-the Chinese. The concerns of the community related to assimilation, employment and the natural environment revealing cultural issues that are the hallmark of new racism.
Comparing advertising effectiveness in South-American and North-American contexts: testing Hofstede's and Inglehart's cultural dimensions in the higher education sector
(2017) Pergelova, Albena; Angulo-Ruiz, Fernando
This research compares the effectiveness of advertising and relational marketing in two countries characterized by varying levels of both Hofstede's and Inglehart's cultural dimensions – Peru (high-power distance, high collectivism, survival and traditional values) and Canada (low-power distance, high individualism, self-expression and secular-rational values). Survey data from a high credence service sector (higher education) in both countries is used for the analysis. The results indicate that advertising and relational marketing have direct effects on choice in Peru, but do not have significant direct effects on choice in Canada. Advertising does, however, affect positively perceptual outcome measures (perceived marketing effectiveness) in Canada. Additionally, we find that advertising and relational marketing have an indirect impact on choice and perceived marketing effectiveness through the mediation of perceived informativeness and influencers in both countries. These results point to the need to account for mechanisms and mediating variables when building theoretical frameworks in cross-country studies.
Consequences of cross-cultural differences in perceived well-being for entrepreneurship
(2021) Pathak, Saurav; Muralidharan, Etayankara
In this article, we empirically test a theory-based model that delineates the indirect effect of societal-level well-being, through societal-level self-expression values, on individual entrepreneurship. Using 881,636 individual-level responses obtained from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) from 44 countries and supplementing with country-level data from the World Values Survey (WVS), our results from multilevel cross-cultural analyses demonstrate that societal-level well-being - hedonic and eudaimonic - are positively related to societal-level self-expression values, and that self-expression values mediate the relation between both types of well-being and likelihood of individuals engaging in entrepreneurship. Hence, hedonic and eudaimonic well-being are distal whereas self-expression values are more proximal influencers of individual entrepreneurship. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of our findings.
Consequences of cultural leadership styles for social entrepreneurship: a theoretical framework
(2019) Muralidharan, Etayankara; Pathak, Saurav
The purpose of this conceptual article is to understand how the interplay of national-level institutions of culturally endorsed leadership styles, government effectiveness, and societal trust affects individual likelihood to become social entrepreneurs. We present an institutional framework comprising cultural leadership styles (normative institutions), government effectiveness (regulatory institutions), and societal trust (cognitive institutions) to predict individual likelihood of social entrepreneurship. Using the insight of culture–entrepreneurship fit and drawing on institutional configuration perspective we posit that culturally endorsed implicit leadership theories (CLTs) of charismatic and participatory leadership positively impact the likelihood of individuals becoming social entrepreneurs. Further, we posit that this impact is particularly pronounced when a country’s regulatory quality manifested by government effectiveness is supportive of social entrepreneurship and when there exist high levels of societal trust. Research on CLTs and their impact on entrepreneurial behavior is limited. We contribute to comparative entrepreneurship research by introducing a cultural antecedent of social entrepreneurship in CLTs and through a deeper understanding of their interplay with national-level institutions to draw the boundary conditions of our framework.
Contextualizing emotional intelligence for commercial and social entrepreneurship
(2023) Pathak, Saurav; Muralidharan, Etayankara
Rendering four emotional competencies of trait emotional intelligence (EI) model, well-being, self-control, adaptability, and sociability as culturally contextualized societal psychological capital, we explain their cross-cultural comparative influences on individual social and commercial entrepreneurship (SE and CE). We use psychological capital theory to establish EI as one’s emotional competencies. Societies with augmented supply of individuals with such competencies will have higher reserves of positive psychological capital making EI as culturally contextualized that shape individual CE and SE. Using 30,924 responses from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) survey of 24 countries and supplementing data from World Values Survey (WVS), our multilevel analyses show that societal eudaimonic well-being and sociability increase likelihood of individual SE more than CE whereas societal hedonic well-being, adaptability, and self-control increase that of CE more than SE, implying that culturally contextualized EI shapes CE and SE differently across nations. Our findings offer policy implications for country-specific programs that taps into societal emotional competencies for entrepreneurship pedagogy, sustainability goals and EI-based training for entrepreneurs.
Contextualizing technology adoption and self-expression for technology entrepreneurial innovation
(2020) Muralidharan, Etayankara; Pathak, Saurav
This article highlights the role of societal-level self-expression values and national-level extent of technology adoption for individual-level likelihood of engaging in technology entrepreneurial innovation. We posit that the effect of self-expression on entrepreneurial innovation is indirect – mediated positively by national-level extent of technology adoption, thereby rendering modes and mechanisms of technology adoption in a country as a more proximal whereas values as a more distal antecedent of technology entrepreneurial innovation. We infer that the benefits and effectiveness of government efforts geared towards improving formal institutional structures that assist technology entrepreneurial innovation would however only be felt if those that adopt newer technologies are self-expressive in the first place. Implications for theory, policy, and future empirical research are also discussed.
Corporate social 'irresponsibility': are consumers' biases in attribution of blame helping companies in product-harm crises involving hybrid products?
(2015) Carvalho, Sergio; Muralidharan, Etayankara; Bapuji, Hari
In recent years, there have been several high-profile recalls of hybrid products (those where organizations in multiple countries take part in the design, component sourcing, manufacturing, and marketing of a product). If consumers perceive a global firm to be responsible for the recall, then it will reduce their brand equity. Therefore, global firms may respond in ethically questionable ways to justify themselves to important stakeholders and avoid blame. Understanding how stakeholders attribute blame for crises involving hybrid products is important to shed light on the unethical manner in which global firms might avoid blame in such situations. The research reported here shows that in a hybrid product crisis, consumers show a bias in favor of the brand company and against the manufacturing company. This bias is more pronounced when the country of manufacture has an unfavorable image or when consumers lack familiarity with the recalled brand. Ambiguous recall announcements by companies that fail to provide a specific and clear reason for the product defect prompt consumers to assume that a manufacturing flaw caused the product defect. As a result, consumers reduce their attribution of blame for the brand company, and thus its brand equity is maintained.
A cross-country study of marketing effectiveness in high-credence services
(2016) Angulo-Ruiz, Fernando; Pergelova, Albena; Cheben, Juraj; Angulo-Altamirano, Eladio
This research seeks to examine the influence of traditional advertising, Internet marketing, and relational marketing on choice and willingness to recommend across countries with varying levels of the Inglehart–Baker cultural dimensions. In the general model, including four countries, relational, and Internet marketing have a significant and positive effect on choice. In the country-specific models, relational marketing has significant positive effects in Canada, Slovakia, and Peru; traditional advertising only in Peru; and Internet marketing only in Slovakia. None of those activities has an influence on choice in Hungary. Relational marketing and Internet marketing have indirect effects on willingness to recommend through the mediating influence of choice. The study provides evidence of comparative marketing effectiveness in the context of high-credence service across different countries.

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